"Kharma" redirects here. For the professional wrestler, see
Kia Stevens.
Karma (Sanskrit: कर्म IPA: [ˈkərmə] (
listen);[1] Pali: kamma) in Indian religions is the concept of "action" or "deed", understood as that which causes the entire cycle of cause and effect (i.e., the cycle called saṃsāra) originating in ancient India and treated in Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh philosophies.[2]
Origins
A concept of karma (along with samsara and moksha) may originate in the shramana tradition of which Buddhism and Jainism are continuations. This tradition influenced the Brahmanic religion in the early Vedantic (Upanishadic) movement of the 1st millennium BC. This worldview was adopted from this religious culture by Brahmin orthodoxy, and Brahmins wrote the earliest recorded scriptures containing these ideas in the early Upanishads. Until recently, the scholarly consensus was that reincarnation
is absent from the earliest strata of Brahminical literature. However, a
new translation of two stanzas of the Rig Veda indicate that the
Brahmins may have had the idea, common among small-scale societies
around the world, that an individual cycles back and forth between the
earth and a heavenly realm of ancestors. In this worldview, moral
behavior has no influence on rebirth. The idea that the moral quality of
one's actions influences one's rebirth is absent from India until the
period of the shramana religions, and the Brahmins appear to have adopted this idea from other religious groups.[3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]
Views
Some traditions (i.e., the Vedanta), believe that a supreme being plays some kind of role, for example, as the dispenser of the 'fruits' of karma[13]
or as exercising the option to change one's karma in rare instances. In
general, followers of Buddhism and many followers of Hinduism consider
the natural laws of causation sufficient to explain the effects of
karma.[14][15][16] Another view holds that a Sadguru, acting on a god's behalf, can mitigate or work out some of the karma of the disciple.[17][18][19] And according to the Jainism
perspective, neither a god nor a guru have any role in a person's
karma—the individual is considered to be the sole doer and enjoyer of
his karmas and their 'fruits'. Laws of karma are codified in some books.[20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
In the Indian religions
Hinduism
Many Hindus see God's direct involvement in this process; others
consider the natural laws of causation sufficient to explain the effects
of karma.[27][28][29] Followers of Vedanta consider Ishvara, a personal supreme God, as playing a role in the delivery of karma. Theistic schools of Hinduism such as Vedanta thus disagree with the Buddhist and Jain
views and other Hindu views that karma is merely a law of cause and
effect but rather is also dependent on the will of a personal supreme
God. A summary of this theistic view of karma is expressed by the
following: "God does not make one suffer for no reason nor does He make
one happy for no reason. God is very fair and gives you exactly what you
deserve."[30]
Karma is not punishment or retribution but simply an extended
expression or consequence of natural acts. Karma means "deed" or "act"
and more broadly names the universal principle of cause and effect,
action and reaction, that governs all life. The effects experienced are
also able to be mitigated by actions and are not necessarily fated.
That is to say, a particular action now is not binding to some
particular, pre-determined future experience or reaction; it is not a
simple, one-to-one correspondence of reward or punishment.
Karma is not fate, for humans act with free will creating their own destiny. According to the Vedas, if one sows goodness, one will reap goodness; if one sows evil,
one will reap evil. Karma refers to the totality of our actions and
their concomitant reactions in this and previous lives, all of which
determines our future. The conquest of karma lies in intelligent action
and dispassionate response.
One of the first and most dramatic illustrations of Karma can be found in the Bhagavad Gita. In this poem, Arjuna
the protagonist is preparing for battle when he realizes that the enemy
consists of members of his own family and decides not to fight. His
charioteer, Krishna (an avatar of god), explains to Arjuna the concept of dharma
(duty) among other things and makes him see that it is his duty to
fight. The original Hindu concept of karma was later enhanced by several
other movements within the religion, most notably Vedanta, and Tantra.
In this way, so long as the stock of Sanchita karma lasts, a part of it continues to be taken out as Prarabdha karma for being experienced in one lifetime, leading to the cycle of birth and death. A jiva cannot attain moksha until the accumulated sanchita karmas are completely exhausted.[31]
Sikhism
In Sikhism, all living beings are described as being under the influence of maya's three qualities. Always present together in varying mix and degrees, these three qualities of maya
bind the soul to the body and to the earth plane. Above these three
qualities is the eternal time. Due to the influence of three modes of
Maya's nature, jivas
(individual beings) perform activities under the control and purview of
the eternal time. These activities are called "karma". The underlying
principle is that karma is the law that brings back the results of
actions to the person performing them.
This life is likened to a field in which our karma is the seed. We
harvest exactly what we sow; no less, no more. This infallible law of
karma holds everyone responsible for what the person is or is going to
be. Based on the total sum of past karma, some feel close to the Pure
Being in this life and others feel separated. This is the Gurbani's (Sri Guru Granth Sahib)
law of karma. Like other Indian and oriental schools of thought, the
Gurbani also accepts the doctrines of karma and reincarnation as the
facts of nature.[32]
Buddhism
In Buddhism, karma (Pāli kamma) is strictly distinguished from vipāka, meaning "fruit" or "result". Karma is categorized within the group or groups of cause (Pāli hetu) in the chain of cause and effect, where it comprises the elements of "volitional activities" (Pali sankhara) and "action" (Pali bhava). Any action is understood as creating "seeds" in the mind that will sprout into the appropriate result (Pāli vipaka) when met with the right conditions. Most types of karmas, with good or bad results, will keep one within the wheel of samsāra, while others will liberate one to nirvāna.[citation needed]
Karma is one of five categories of causation, known collectively as niyama dhammas, the first being kamma, and the other four being utu (seasons and weather), bīja (heredity, lit. "seed"), chitta (mind) and dhamma (law, in the sense of nature's tendency to perfect).
Jainism
In Jainism, "karma" conveys a totally different meaning from that commonly understood in Hindu philosophy and western civilization.[33] In Jainism, karma is referred to as karmic dirt, as it consists of very subtle and microscopic particles (pudgala) that pervade the entire universe.[34] Karmas are attracted to the karmic field of a soul
due to vibrations created by activities of mind, speech, and body as
well as various mental dispositions. Hence the karmas are the subtle matter surrounding the consciousness of a soul. When these two components (consciousness and karma) interact, we experience the life we know at present.
Herman Kuhn, quoting from Tattvarthasutra,
describes karmas as "a mechanism that makes us thoroughly experience
the themes of our life until we gained optimal knowledge from them and
until our emotional attachment to these themes falls off."[33]
According to Padmanabh Jaini,
[T]his emphasis on reaping the fruits only of one’s own karma was not
restricted to the Jainas; both Hindus and Buddhist writers have
produced doctrinal materials stressing the same point. Each of the
latter traditions, however, developed practices in basic contradiction
to such belief. In addition to shrardha (the ritual Hindu
offerings by the son of deceased), we find among Hindus widespread
adherence to the notion of divine intervention in ones fate, while
Buddhists eventually came to propound such theories like boon-granting
bodhisattvas, transfer of merit and like. Only Jainas have been
absolutely unwilling to allow such ideas to penetrate their community,
despite the fact that there must have been tremendous amount of social
pressure on them to do so.[35]
The key points where the theory of Karma in Jainism differs from the
other religions such as theistic traditions of Hinduism, can be stated
as follows:
- Karma operates as a self-sustaining mechanism as natural universal
law, without any need of an external entity to manage them. (absence of
the exogenous "Divine Entity" in Jainism)
- Jainism advocates that a soul's karma changes even with the
thoughts, and not just the actions. Thus, to even think evil of someone
would endure a karma-bandha or an increment in bad karma. For this reason, the Ratnatraya gives a very strong emphasis to samyak dhyan
(rationality in thoughts) and "samyak darshan" (rationality in
perception) and not just "samyak charitra" (rationality in conduct).
- In Jain theology, a soul is released of worldly affairs as soon as
it is able to emancipate from the "karm-bandh". A famous illustration is
that of Marudevi, the mother of Rishabha, the first Tirthankara
of the present time cycle, who reached such emancipation by elevating
sequentially her thought processes, while she was visiting her
Tirthankara son.[36] This illustration explains how nirvana and moksha are different than in other religions of India. In the presence of a Tirthankara, another soul achieved Kevala Jnana and subsequently nirvana, without any need of intervention by the Tirthankara.[36]
- The karmic theory in Jainism operates endogenously. Tirthankaras are
not attributed "godhood". Thus, even the Tirthankaras themselves have
to go through the stages of emancipation, for attaining that state.
While Buddhism does give a similar and to some extent a matching account
for Gautama Buddha, Hinduism maintains a totally different theory where
"divine grace" is needed for emancipation.
- Jainism treats all souls equally, inasmuch as it advocates that all
souls have the same potential of attaining nirvana. Only those who make
effort, really attain it, but nonetheless, each soul is capable on its
own to do so by gradually reducing its karma.[37]
In Falun Gong
Falun Gong differs from Buddhism
in its definition of the term "karma," Ownby says, in that it is taken
not as a process of award and punishment, but as an exclusively negative
term. The Chinese term "de" or "virtue" is reserved for what
might otherwise be termed "good karma" in Buddhism. Karma is understood
as the source of all suffering - what Buddhism might refer to as "bad
Karma". Li says "A person has done bad things over his many lifetimes,
and for people this results in misfortune, or for cultivators it's
karmic obstacles, so there's birth, aging, sickness, and death. This is
ordinary karma."[38]
Falun Gong teaches that the spirit is locked in the cycle of rebirth, also known as samsara[39] due to the accumulation of karma.[40]
This is a negative, black substance that accumulates in other
dimensions lifetime after lifetime, by doing bad deeds and thinking bad
thoughts. Falun Gong states that karma is the reason for suffering, and
what ultimately blocks people from the truth of the universe and
attaining enlightenment. At the same time, is also the cause of ones
continued rebirth and suffering.[40]
Li says that due to accumulation of karma the human spirit upon death
will reincarnate over and over again, until the karma is paid off or
eliminated through cultivation, or the person is destroyed due to the
bad deeds he has done.[40]
Ownby regards the concept of karma as a cornerstone to individual
moral behaviour in Falun Gong, and also readily traceable to the
Christian doctrine of "one reaps what one sows". Ownby says Falun Gong
is differentiated by a "system of transmigration" though, "in which each
organism is the reincarnation of a previous life form, its current form
having been determined by karmic calculation of the moral qualities of
the previous lives lived." Ownby says the seeming unfairness of manifest
inequities can then be explained, at the same time allowing a space for
moral behaviour in spite of them.[38] In the same vein of Li's monism, matter and spirit are one, karma is identified as a black substance which must be purged in the process of cultivation.[38]
Li says that "Human beings all fell here from the many dimensions of
the universe. They no longer met the requirements of the Fa at their
given levels in the universe, and thus had to drop down. Just as we have
said before, the heavier one's mortal attachments, the further down one
drops, with the descent continuing until one arrives at the state of
ordinary human beings." He says that in the eyes of higher beings, the
purpose of human life is not merely to be human, but to awaken quickly
on Earth, a "setting of delusion", and return. "That is what they really
have in mind; they are opening a door for you. Those who fail to return
will have no choice but to reincarnate, with this continuing until they amass a huge amount of karma and are destroyed."[41]
Ownby regards this as the basis for Falun Gong's apparent "opposition to practitioners' taking medicine
when ill; they are missing an opportunity to work off karma by allowing
an illness to run its course (suffering depletes karma) or to fight the
illness through
cultivation." Penny shares this interpretation. Since Li believes that
"karma is the primary factor that causes sickness in people", Penny
asks: "if disease comes from karma and karma can be eradicated through
cultivation of xinxing, then what good will medicine do?"[42]
Li himself states that he is not forbidding practitioners from taking
medicine, maintaining that "What I'm doing is telling people the
relationship between practicing cultivation and medicine-taking". Li
also states that "An everyday person needs to take medicine when he gets
sick."[43] Schechter quotes a Falun Gong student who says "It is always an individual choice whether one should take medicine or not."[44]
Western interpretation
It Shoots Further Than He Dreams by John F. Knott, March 1918.
Many Western cultures have notions similar to karma, as demonstrated in the phrase what goes around comes around.[45] The concepts of reaping what you sow from Galatians 6:7, violence begets violence and live by the sword, die by the sword are Christian expressions similar to karma.[46] Some observers[who?] have compared the action of karma to Western notions of sin and judgment by God or gods, while others understand karma as an inherent principle of the universe without the intervention of any supernatural being. In Hinduism, God does play a role and is seen as a dispenser of karma. (See Karma in Hinduism for more details.) The non-interventionist view is that of Buddhism and Jainism. The secular Western view is that of a deterministic universe.
Spiritism
In Spiritism,
karma is known as "the law of cause and effect", and plays a central
role in determining how one's life should be lived. Spirits are
encouraged to choose how (and when) to suffer retribution for the wrong
they did in previous lives. Disabilities, physical or mental impairment
or even an unlucky life are due to the choices a spirit makes before reincarnating (that is, before being born to a new life).
What sets Spiritism apart from the more traditional religious views
is that it understands karma as a condition inherent to the spirit,
whether incarnated or not: the consequences of the crimes committed by
the spirit last beyond the physical life and cause him (moral) pain in
the afterlife. The choice of a life of hardships is, therefore, a way to
rid oneself of the pain caused by moral guilt and to perfect qualities
that are necessary for the spirit to progress to a higher form.
Because Spiritism always accepted the plurality of inhabited worlds,
its concept of karma became considerably complex. There are worlds that
are "primitive" (in the sense that they are home to spirits newly born
and still very low on intellect and morals) and a succession of more and
more advanced worlds to where spirits move as they are elevated. A
spirit may choose to be born on a world inferior to his own as a penance or as a mission.
New Age and Theosophy
The idea of karma was popularized in the Western world through the work of the Theosophical Society. In this conception, karma was a precursor to the Neopagan law of return or Threefold Law,
the idea that the beneficial or harmful effects one has on the world
will return to oneself. Colloquially this may be summed up as 'what goes
around comes around.'
The Theosophist I. K. Taimni
wrote that "Karma is nothing but the Law of Cause and Effect operating
in the realm of human life and bringing about adjustments between an
individual and other individuals whom he has affected by his thoughts,
emotions and actions."[47] Theosophy also teaches that when humans reincarnate they come back as humans only, not as animals or other organisms.[48]
In the west, karma is often confused with concepts such as the soul, psychic energy, synchronicity (a concept originally from psychoanalyst Carl Jung, which says that things that happen at the same time are related), and ideas from quantum
or theoretical physics (which most physicists would not grant as having
any bearing on morality or codes of conduct, much less on supernatural
notions). This mishmash of word associations is well illustrated by the
once-common bumper sticker "My karma ran over your dogma."
Karma and emotions
The modern view of karma, devoid of any spiritual exigencies, obviates the need for an acceptance of reincarnation in Judeochristian
societies and attempts to portray karma as a universal psychological
phenomenon which behaves predictably, like other physical forces such as
gravity.
Sakyong Mipham eloquently summed this up when he said;
Like gravity, karma is so basic we often don't even notice it.
[49]
This view of karma, as a universal and personally impacting emotional constant, correlates with Buddhist and Jungian understanding that volition (or libido,
created from personal and cultural biases) is the primary instigator of
karma. Any conscious thought, word and/or action, arising from a
cognitively unresolved emotion (cognitive dissonance), results in karma.[50]
Jung once opined on unresolved emotions and the synchronicity of karma;
'When an inner situation is not made conscious, it appears outside as fate.'
[51]
Popular methods for negating cognitive dissonance include meditation, metacognition, counselling, psychoanalysis,
etc., whose aim is to enhance emotional self-awareness and thus avoid
negative karma. This results in better emotional hygiene and reduced
karmic impacts.[52] Permanent neuronal changes within the amygdala and left prefrontal cortex of the human brain attributed to long-term meditation and metacognition techniques have been proven scientifically.[53] This process of emotional maturation aspires to a goal of Individuation or self-actualisation. Such peak experience are hypothetically devoid of any karma (nirvana).
As Rabindranath Tagore most eloquently explained about the heat of human emotions;
Nirvana is not the blowing out of the candle. It is the extinguishing of the flame because day is come
[54]
See also
References
- ^ kárman—"act, action, performance"—a neuter n-stem, nominative kárma कर्म ; from the root √kṛ which means "to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake"
- ^ Parvesh Singla. The Manual of Life – Karma. Parvesh singla. pp. 5–. GGKEY:0XFSARN29ZZ. http://books.google.com/books?id=1mXR35jX-TsC&pg=PP5. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
- ^ Joanna Jurewicz, The Rigveda, 'small scale' societies and rebirth eschatology
- ^ Gananath Obeyesekere, Imagining Karma: Ethical Transformation in Amerindian, Buddhist, and Greek Rebirth University of California Press, 2002, passim, see in particular page 99.
- ^ Y. Masih (2000) In : A Comparative Study of Religions, Motilal Banarsidass Publ : Delhi, ISBN 81-208-0815-0,
page 37: “This confirms that the doctrine of transmigration is
non-aryan and was accepted by non-vedics like Ajivikism, Jainism and
Buddhism. The Indo-aryans have borrowed the theory of re-birth after
coming in contact with the aboriginal inhabitants of India. Certainly
Jainism and non-vedics [..] accepted the doctrine of rebirth as supreme
postulate or article of faith.”
- ^ Karel Werner, The Longhaired Sage in The Yogi and the Mystic.
Karel Werner, ed., Curzon Press, 1989, page 34. "Rahurkar speaks of
them as belonging to two distinct 'cultural strands' ... Wayman also
found evidence for two distinct approaches to the spiritual dimension in
ancient India and calls them the traditions of 'truth and silence.' He
traces them particularly in the older Upanishads, in early Buddhism, and
in some later literature."
- ^ Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press: UK ISBN 0-521-43878-0
– “The origin and doctrine of Karma and Samsara are obscure. These
concepts were certainly circulating amongst sramanas, and Jainism and
Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of
transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation
entered the mainstream brahaminical thought from the sramana or the
renouncer traditions.” Page 86.
- ^ Padmanabh S. Jaini 2001 “Collected Paper on Buddhist Studies” Motilal Banarsidass Publ 576 pages ISBN 81-208-1776-1:
"Yajnavalkya’s reluctance and manner in expounding the doctrine of
karma in the assembly of Janaka (a reluctance not shown on any other
occasion) can perhaps be explained by the assumption that it was, like
that of the transmigration of soul, of non-brahmanical origin. In view
of the fact that this doctrine is emblazoned on almost every page of
sramana scriptures, it is highly probable that it was derived from
them." Page 51.
- ^ Govind Chandra Pande, (1994) Life and Thought of Sankaracarya, Motilal Banarsidass ISBN 81-208-1104-6 :
Early Upanishad thinkers like Yajnavalkya were acquainted with the
sramanic thinking and tried to incorporate these ideals of Karma,
Samsara and Moksa into the vedic thought implying a disparagement of the
vedic ritualism and recognising the mendicancy as an ideal. Page 135.
- ^ A History of Yoga By Vivian Worthington 1982 Routledge ISBN 0-7100-9258-X
– "The Upanishads were like a breath of fresh air blowing through the
stuffy corridors of power of the vedic brahminism. They were noticed by
the Brahmin establishment because the yogis did not owe allegiance to
any established religion or mode of thought.. So although, the
Upanishads came to be noticed by Brahmin establishment, they were very
largely saying what may well have been current among other sramanic
groups at that time. It can be said that this atheistic doctrine was
evidently very acceptable to the authors of Upanishads, who made use of
many of its concepts." Page 27.
- ^ A History of Yoga By Vivian Worthington 1982 Routledge ISBN 0-7100-9258-X:
"The idea of re-incarnation, so central to the older sramanic creeds is
still new to many people throughout the world. The Aryans of the Vedic
age knew nothing of it. When the Brahmins began to accept it, they
declared it as a secret doctrine. […] It will be seen from this short
account of Jains, that they had fully developed the ideas of karma and
reincarnation very early in history. The earliest Upanishads were
probably strongly influenced by their teachings. Jainism the religion,
Samkhya the philosophy and yoga the way to self discipline and
enlightenment dominated the spiritual life of Indian during the
Dravidian times. They were to be overshadowed for over thousand years by
the lower form of religion that was foisted on the local inhabitants by
the invading Aryans, but in the end it was Sramanic disciplines that
triumphed. They did so by surviving in their own right and by their
ideas being fully adopted by the Brahmins who steadily modified their
own vedic religion." Page 35.
- ^ "The
sudden appearance of this theory [of karma] in a full-fledged form is
likely to be due, as already pointed out, to an impact of the wandering muni-and-shramana-cult, coming down from the pre-Vedic non-Aryan time." Kashi Nath Upadhyaya, Early Buddhism and the Bhagavadgita. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1998, page 76.
- ^ The Brahma Sutras – Chapter 3. Swami-krishnananda.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ Pratima Bowes, The Hindu Religious Tradition 54–80 (Allied Pub. 1976) ISBN 0-7100-8668-7
- ^ Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Vol. II, at 217–225 (18th reprint 1995) ISBN 81-85301-75-1
- ^ Alex Michaels, Hinduism: Past and Present 154–56 (Princeton 1998) ISBN 0-691-08953-1
- ^ Yogananda, Paramahansa, Autobiography of a Yogi, Chapter 21 ISBN 1-56589-212-7
- ^ Swami Krishnananda on the Guru mitigating the karma of the disciple. Swami-krishnananda.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ Swami B. V. Tripurari on grace of the Guru destroying karma. Vnn.org (2004-10-27). Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ 善惡因果經. Cbeta.org. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ 三世因果經﹣即佛印禪師論三世因果勸世文. Bugbugdream.tripod.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ 光环密宗因果經. Guanghuanmizong.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ 天律聖典. Jzls.read.org.tw. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ 梁武帝问志公禅师因果文. Jt8421.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ 純陽祖師演說三生石. Umind.com.tw. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ 偽經《佛說三世因果經》的誤導. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ E.g., Compare Swami-Krishnananda.org with Pratima Bowes, The Hindu Religious Tradition 54–80 (Allied Pub. 1976) ISBN 0-7100-8668-7
- ^ Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Vol. II, at 217–225 (18th reprint 1995) ISBN 81-85301-75-1
- ^ Alex Michaels, Hinduism: Past and Present 154–56 (Princeton 1998) ISBN 0-691-08953-1.
- ^ What is Karma, Gitamrta.org
- ^ Goyandaka J, The Secret of Karmayoga, Gita Press, Gorakhpur
- ^ Gurbani.org
- ^ a b Hermann Kuhn, Karma, the Mechanism, 2004
- ^ Acharya Umasvati, Tattvartha Sutra, Ch VIII, Sutra 24
- ^ Jaini, Padmanabh, ed. (2000). Collected papers on Jaina studies (1st ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. pp. 137.
- ^ a b Jaini, Padmanabh S. (2003). "From Nigoda to Moksa: The Story of Marudevi". In Qvarnström, Olle. Jainism and Early Buddhism: Essays in Honor of Padmanabh S. Jaini. I. Fremont CA: Asian Humanities Press (an imprint of Jain Publishing Company). pp. 1–28.
- ^ Sancheti
Asoo Lal, Bhandari Manak Mal – Fist Steps to Jainism (Part Two):
Doctrine of Karma, Doctrine of Anekant and Other Articles with
Appendices – Catalogued by Library of U.S. Congress, Washington, Card No. 90-232383
- ^ a b c David Ownby, Falun Gong and the Future of China (2008) Oxford University Press
- ^ Transcending the Five Elements and Three Realms, Zhuan Falun, accessed 31/12/07
- ^ a b c Transformation of Karma, Zhuan Falun Lecture 4, accessed 01/01/08
- ^ Li Hongzhi, Zhuan Falun, Volume II, published 1996, translated June 2008, accessed 2008-06-21
- ^ Perry, Benjamin, Canberra, 2001, The
Past, Present and Future of Falun Gong, A lecture by Harold White
Fellow, Benjamin Penny, at the National Library of Australia, accessed 31 December 2007
- ^ Lectures in United States, 1997, Li Hongzhi
- ^ Danny Schechter, Falun Gong's Challenge to China: Spiritual Practice or Evil Cult?, Akashic books: New York, 2001, pp. 47-50.
- ^ Dorothy M. Neddermeyer. "Universal Well-Being – A Gift – Your Life". http://drdorothy.info/?p=1444.
- ^ Haridas Chaudhuri. Karma, rhythmic return to harmony. pp. 78 and 79. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ve-Nim-MChcC&pg=PA78#v=onepage&q&f=false. "The Meaning of Karma in Integral Philosophy"
- ^ I.K. Taimni Man, God and the Universe Quest Books, 1974, p. 17
- ^ E.L. Gardner Reincarnation: Some Testimony From Nature 1947
- ^ GoodReads.com. GoodReads.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
- ^ "I declare, O Bhikkhus, that volition is Karma. Having willed one acts by body, speech, and thought." (Anguttara Nikaya)
- ^ Jung, C.G. and Wolfgang Pauli, The Interpretation of Nature and Psyche, New York: Pantheon Books, 1955
- ^ Buddha,
at First Council of monks (approx. 544 b.c.e.): Bhikkhus, this is the
one and the only way for the purification (of the minds) of beings, for
overcoming sorrow and lamentation, for the cessation of physical and
mental pain, for attainment of the Noble Paths and for the realization
of Nibbana. That (only way) is the four satipatthanas. What are these
four? Here (in this teaching), bhikkhus, a bhikkhu (i.e. a disciple)
dwells perceiving again and again the body (kaya) as just the body (not
mine, not I, not self, but just a phenomenon) with diligence, clear
understanding, and mindfulness, thus keeping away covetousness and
mental pain in the world; he dwells perceiving again and again feelings
(vedana) as just feelings (not mine, not I, not self but just as
phenomena) with diligence, clear understanding, and mindfulness, thus
keeping away covetousness and mental pain in the world; he dwells
perceiving again and again the mind (citta) as just the mind (not mine,
not I, not self but just a phenomenon) with diligence, clear
understanding, and mindfulness, thus keeping away covetousness and
mental pain in the world; he dwells perceiving again and again dhammas
as just dhammas (not mine, not I, not self but just as phenomena) with
diligence, clear understanding, and mindfulness, thus keeping away
covetousness and mental pain in the world.
- ^ Davidson,
Richard J., Jon Kabat-Zinn, Jessica Schumacher, Melissa Rosenkranz,
Daniel Muller, Saki F. Santorelli, Ferris Urbanowski, Anne Harrington,
Katherine Bonus, and John F. Sheridan. "Alterations in Brain and Immune
Function Produced by Mindfulness Meditation." Psychosomatic Medicine 65
(2003): 564–70
- ^ ThinkExist.com. ThinkExist.com. Retrieved on 2011-06-04.
External links
The 12 Laws of Karma
Law of Karma (English)
Working with the law of Karma
BK Shivani - Laws of Karma Part A- RYDVD5 - 1 of 8
DMC TV Law of Karma: I Can Not Control My Life Part 1 of 3
#3 The Law of Karma + Exercises (Tuesday)
Karma The Law of Cause & Effect Part 1 of 13
The Law of Karma
Destiny and Law of Karma - Part 1 of 2
Karma The Law of Cause & Effect Part 2 of 13
The Seven Laws of Yoga: Law 3 - Law of Karma
Karma The Law of Cause & Effect Part 4 of 13
Karma The Law of Cause & Effect Part 13 of 13
Law of Attraction in Action #12
Six Laws of Spiritual Science - Patriji
Law of Attraction in Action: Episode XII (Preview)
